I wish I understood what all of this meant. I really need to start doing some research and acquiring some reloading gear/components. With stocking 300 BLK, .44 Mag, .500 S&W Mag, and .308 now it would be worth it to get into reloading. I had consolidated calibers down to 9mm, .45 ACP, 5.56, 5.45 and 7.62x39 so it wasn't really worth it before but now it would be.
So very much there to try and explain, but I'll attempt a quick synopsis. There are two basic powder mixes. Double base and single base. Single based is made from nitrocellulose. In double base powder, nitro glycerin is added. Double based powders burn faster. Faster burn = more velocity. BUT, nitroglycerin is very temp sensitive. So, it is going to have pretty dramatic (relatively) burn rates at 20 vs 50 vs 80 vs 100 degree temps. For rifles and what people are trying to determine, is where the bullet leaves the barrel on a particular node over a range of powder charge weights. The varying charge weights is pretty well telling of how a charge will shoot over temp variences. higher charge weight equals higher temps. Lower charge rates equal lower temps. In theory, with a single base, you need less of a consistent window than you do with a double base as the single base is not as temp sensitive. Some single bases are more consistent than others. Varget, H4350, RL16, RL17 are just a few. They are different powders from different companies.
Pistol powders burn extremely fast. Throw a pistol powder in a rifle, and kaboom.
It's all very sciency. That's why there are different powders for different cartridges. Trying to time the powder burn rate to a rate at which it will completely burn, but not too fast as to turn the trigger into a detonation control. Different powder composites, shapes, size. It all matters.
Best advice I can give, get with someone who know what they are talking about. Talk to them. See their set-up. Also, READ A DAMN RELOADING BOOK. My suggestion, start with The ABC's of Reloading. Then, get reloading manuals from the bullet manufacturers or press manufacturers. They give a quick intro, and then give you min and max charges for various powders and projectiles. Not to mention other key measurements of each cartridge. If you really want to dive into ballistics, particularly rifle, read Applied Ballistics. Wonderful resource. Bryan Litz does a great job of getting all nerd sciency, but stating things in a way the rest of us can understand. Absolutely the leading ballistician today.